19. Verbal Prefixes
19.1 Prefix usage
adding a prefix to an imperfective verb usually creates a perfective
verb with a modified meaning. adding a prefix to an imperfective verb
of motion does not create a perfective verb, but a new imperfective verb
with a modified meaning. The same prefix is attached to the perfective
aspect of the verb of motion to form the perfective form of the new
verb.
When a prefix ending in a consonant is attached to a verb beginning
in an iotized vowel, a buffer symbol ‘ is placed between them.
When хадзі́ць has a
prefix attached to it, the accent moves to the root for all forms. When
ісці́ has a prefix
attached to it, the initial і-
changes to an й- and the accent
falls on the prefix for all persons in the present tense except the 1st
person singular. The exception to this is the prefix вы-, for which the
accent always falls on this prefix, irrespective of person or tense.
When either хадзі́ць or
ісці́ has a prefix
attached, which ends in a consonant, an ы is placed as a buffer between
the prefix and root.
аб‘яві́ць |
to announce* | ад‘е́хаць |
to drive up* |
прыхо́джу |
I am coming* | рыхо́дзіў |
I came* |
по́йдзе |
he will go* | айшо́ў |
he went* |
разышлі́ся |
they dispersed*<br / | дыхо́джу |
I am leaving* |
19.2 Directional prefix meanings
Each of these prefixes has additional meanings that have nothing to
do with direction, but for now I have only listed the meanings which
imply a direction of motion. Prefixes can be added to verbs to create
new verbs. adding a prefix to the indeterminate form of a verb of
motion creates the imperfective infinitive of a verb, and adding the
prefix to the determinate form creates the perfective infinitive of the
same verb. The exception to this rule is the verb
е́хаць and
е́здзіць,
to go [by transport]. The
perfective aspect of a verb can be formed by adding a prefix to
е́хаць, but the
imperfective aspect of the same verb is formed by adding the prefix to
the verb язджа́ць. The
form язджа́ць rarely
occurs on its own, without a prefix. These prefixes can also be added
to other, non-motion verbs.
па- This prefix is added to the directional infinitive to
form the perfective infinitive for all verbs of motion.
айсці́ |
to go [somewhere, on foot] | <td> | ае́хаць</td> |
to go [somewhere, by transport] | <td> | абе́гчы |
to run [somewhere] | ане́сці</td> |
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| <td>to carry [something somewhere] |
- This prefix implies encompassing or overtaking motion.
| Indet. | et. | <td>абыхо́дзіць |
быйсці́</td> |
to walk around | <td>аб‘язджа́ць |
б‘е́хаць</td> |
to drive around | |||
абганя́ць |
багна́ць |
to overtake | бкла́дваць | бкла́сці`</td> |
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| <td>to surround [with something] |
- This prefix has the meaning of moving away.
адыхо́дзіць |
дыйсці́ |
‘to withdraw’ | <td>адно́сіць |
дне́сці</td> |
to carry off | <td>адбіра́ць |
дабра́ць |
to take away | дрыва́ць | дарва́ць`</td> |
|||
| <td>to tear off |
- This prefix has the meaning of going out of something.
выхо́дзіць |
ы́йсці |
to exit [on foot] | <td>вы́насіць |
ы́несці</td> |
to carry out | <td>выбіра́ць |
ы́браць |
to select | ырыва́ць | ы́рваць`</td> |
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| <td>to tear out |
да- This prefix implies movement as far as, or up to, a
certain point.
дахо́дзіць |
айсці́ |
‘to reach’ | <td>дано́сіць |
ане́сці</td> |
‘to bring as far as’ | <td>даганя́ць |
агна́ць |
to catch up to | абіра́цца | абра́цца`</td> |
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| <td>to get as far as |
з- This prefix has the meaning of coming off of, or coming
out of.
зыхо́дзіць |
ыйсці́ |
to come off of | <td>з‘язжа́ць |
‘е́хаць</td> |
to depart | <td>зно́сіць |
не́сці |
to take down from, to take out of | німа́ць | няць`</td> |
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| <td>to remove |
за- Verbs with this prefix have the meanings of traveling
far, or past something.
захо́дзіць |
айсці́ |
to walk behind | <td>забе́гаць |
абе́гчы</td> |
to run ahead | <td>зано́сіць |
ане́сці |
to carry [far] away | акла́дваць | акла́сці`</td> |
|||
| <td>to place behind |
на- Verbs with this prefix have the meaning of collision with
something.
нахо́дзіць |
айсці́ |
‘to come across, to walk into’ | <td>наязджа́ць |
ае́хаць</td> |
to run into [with a vehicle] | <td>напада́ць |
апа́сці |
to fall into | аступа́ць | аступі́ць`</td> |
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| <td>to approach [a certain time] |
д- This prefix has the basic meaning of upward motion.
падыхо́дзіць |
адыйсці́ |
‘to approach [on foot]’ | <td>пад‘язджа́ць |
ад‘е́хаць</td> |
‘to drive up to’ | <td>падбяга́ць |
адбе́гчы |
‘to run up to’ | адніма́ць | адня́ць`</td> |
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| <td>to lift |
пера- This prefix has the meaning of crossing over
something.
перахо́дзіць |
ерайсці́ |
‘to walk across’ | <td>перано́сіць |
еране́сці</td> |
‘to carry across’ | <td>перадава́ць |
ерада́ць |
‘to pass along’ | еракла́дваць | еракла́сці`</td> |
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| <td>to transfer, to translate |
пра- This prefix gives verbs the meaning of passing by
something.
прахо́дзіць |
райсці́ |
‘to pass by’ | <td>праязджа́ць |
рае́хаць</td> |
‘to drive past’ | <td>прабяга́ць |
рабе́гчы |
to run by | рано́сіць | ране́сці`</td> |
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| <td>to carry by |
раз- This prefix gives verbs the meaning of movement in
various directions, or distribution.
разыхо́дзіцца |
азыйсці́ся |
‘to disperse’ | <td>раз‘язджа́цца |
аз‘е́хацца</td> |
‘to drive away [in various directions]’ | <td>разбяга́цца |
азбе́гчыся |
to run off, to scatter | азлята́цца | азляце́цца`</td> |
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| <td>to fly away, to scatter |
у- This prefix gives verbs the meaning of entering. It
changes to ува- with
хадзі́ць and
ісці́.
увахо́дзіць |
вайсці́ |
‘to enter’ | <td>уязджа́ць |
е́хаць</td> |
to drive in | <td>убяга́ць |
бе́гчы |
‘to run in’ | но́сіць | не́сці`</td> |
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| <td>to carry in |
- This prefix gives verbs the meaning of upward motion.
узыхо́дзіць |
зыйсці́ |
‘to walk up’ | <td>узла́зіць |
зле́зці</td> |
‘to climb up’ | <td>узлята́ць |
зляце́ць |
‘to take off’ | звыша́ць | звы́сіць`</td> |
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| <td>to elevate |